04 – The Age Of Industries

04. The Age  Of Industries            History-10th

TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS (SOLVED)
Write in brief :
Q. 1. Explain the following:
(a) Woman workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villagers.
(c) The part of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
Ans. (a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny: The Spinning Jenny machine speeded up the Spinning process and reduced labour demands. By the use of this machine, a single worker could make a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time. It simply meant that as a result of this machine, many weavers would be left without any job and became unemployed. It was this fear of unemployment which made women workers, who survived on hand Spinning, began attacking the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villagers: In the seventeenth century, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside. The European merchants had to face many problems in setting up their industries in the towns. So they set up their business in the countryside and began employing peasants and artisans within the villagers. In the countryside, the poor peasants and artisans were ready to work for the merchants, because with the loss of the open lands, as a result of the Enclosure Movement. They were left with no alternative source of Income to survive.
(c) The Port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century: The Port of Surat on the west coast of India was the major Port to handle the Indian trade with the west before the age of machines. It linked India to the Gulf and the Red Sea Ports. But towards the end of the eighteenth century, various Europeans companies, especially the East India company monopolised much of the Indian trade. They set up and patronized their own Ports like Bombay Port situated on the west coast of India. All this resulted in the decline of old Ports like Surat. The exports from this Port fell dramatically. According to an estimat the gross value of trade that passed through Surat in the last years of the Seventeenth century had been Rs. 16 million. But by 1740s. It slumped to 3 million rupees .
(d) The East India company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India: The Gomasthas were agents of the East India company who helped the company to establish control over the Indian trade. In order to establish its monopoly on Indian trade and direct control over the weavers, it decided to eliminate the existing traders and brokers. With this aim in view, the East India company appointed paid servants called gomasthas, whose main duties were to advance loans to different weavers, get all their production, examine the quality of goods and collect supplies.
Q. 2. Write True or False against each statement:
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 present of the total work force in Europe was employed in the
(b) The International market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American civil war resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productively.
Ans. (a) False, (b) True, (c) False, (d) True.
Q. 3. Explain what meant by Proto-industrialisation ?
Ans. Proto-industrialisation means the existence of industries before the factory system, even before the existence of industrial production for the international market. This production was not based on factories. Such a phase of industrialisation before the appearance of factories is referred to as Proto-industrialisation. This Proto-industrialisation was a part of a network of commercial exchanges.
DISCUSS
Q. 1. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Ans. The industrialists in nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines due to following reasons:
(i) In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and villagers moved to the cities in large numbers in search of jobs.
(ii) They did not want to introduce machines because such a thing required large capital investments .
(iii) The demand in the market for intricate designs and specific shapes of goods could be produced only with hand labour.
(iv) In Victorians Britain, the upper classes – The aristocrats and the bourgeoise preferred things produced by hand.
(v) The handmade products came to be symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed machine made goods were for export to the colonies.
(vi) In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season like Gas works, braveries, bookbinders Etc., industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.
Q. 2. How did the East India company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Ans. After established its foothold in Indian trade East India Company developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers. Inorder to establish to establish a direct control over the weavers, it decide to eliminate the existing traders and brokers, with this aim in view East India company appointed paid servants, called Gomasthas. Who main duties were to advance loans to different weaves, get all their production, examine the quality of goods and collect regular supplies to the company. These Gomasthas also prevented weavers from dealing with other buyer through the system of advances. These Gomasthas were outsiders and their treatment with weavers was very harsh, so many weavers deserted their villagers and set up their looms elsewhere.
Q. 3. Why did Industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Ans. The First World War dramatically changed the situation of the industrial production in India. With the beginning of the First World War, almost all the British mills became busy with War production to meet the needs of the army. As such all types of imports from England into India declined. Hence the Indian industry got a golden opportunity to flourish and manufacture all types of things for the home market. As a War prolonged, Indian factories were called up on to supply War needs like Jute bags, cloth for uniforms of army, tents and leather shoes and even horse and mule Saddles. As a result many new factories were set up and more workers were employed. Over the War years industrial production in India boomed. After the War, Manchester and other products of England could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.
ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH THEIR ANSWERS
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Why Industrial Revolution Started First of all in England?
OR
Explain the factors responsible for the industrial Revolution in England ?
Ans. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the later half of the 18th century as favourable factors for such a development were as:
(1) Men like Walpole, who was a great economist, encouraged the foreign trade which brought more and more wealth to England. The British traders to establish new factories and mills.
(2) England had plenty of natural resources like iron and coal which are essential for industries.
(3) England had established many new colonies from where they could easily best markets for finished goods.
(4) England had developed a large shipping industry which solved their problems of transporting things to distant lands.
(5) The people of England, who were Quite enterprising and energetic also deserved for credit, for they worked hard and were ready to take risks.
Q. 2. What were the inventions in the textile industry in England as a result of the industrial Revolution?
Ans. The inventions in the textile industry in England as a result of the industrial Revolution are as:
(1) Hargreaves invented The ‘Spinning Jenny’ in 1764 A.D, which speeded up the spinning work.
(2) A little later John Key invented the ‘Fly Shuttle’ which speeded up weaving.
(3) In 1769 A.D, Arkwright improved Hargreave’s invention and adopted it in such a way that it could run by water–power. He called his new machine as ‘Water Frame’.
(4) Sometimes later in 1776 A.D, crompton invented a new machine called the ‘Mule’ which combined the advantages of both the machines invented by Hargreaves and Arkwright.
(5) In 1785 A.D, cartwright invented the ‘Powerloom’ which used steam power for spinning and weaving.
(6) Though machines had been invented for weaving and spinning. Yet the problems of separating seeds from fibres was very troublesome. It was also solved when an American inventor, Eli Whitney invented the ‘Cotton Jin’ in 1793 A.D. The machine could separate seeds from cotton 300 times faster than hand.
Q. 3. How did Industrialisation gave birth to Imperialism?
Ans. There is no exaggeration in calling imperialism as the ill-begatten child of industrilisation. Other things beside, industrialigation chiefly needs two things. One of them being the constant supply of raw-materials and other is that the finished goods be sold at the same speed. The industrialized countries had introduced heavy import duties as protective tariffs to check the import from other countries. Faced with the problems of finding new markets for their products, the producer nations choose such countries where industrialisation had not yet taken place. Hence a race for bringing those areas their effective occupation or effective influence started among the various industrialised nations.
As a consequence, Britain, France, Germany and Japan etc. set up their colonies in Asia, Africa and South America etc. These colonies served their two purposes of being the suppliers of cheap raw-materials and an easy market for their finished goods. In this way, it can be rightly said, that industrialisation gave birth to imperialism or carving out of new colonies in other lands for selling their goods and as supplier of raw-materials for running their industries.
Q. 4. What are the useful and harmful effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Ans. The useful effects of the industrial Revolution are:
(1) Production by machines has met the growing needs of the growing populations of the world.
(2) Only machines have made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of food, cloth and shelter.
(3) Machines have relieved man of the drudgery of tiring and unpleasant jobs.
(4) Machines have brought more leisure which, in turn, has been utilized for the promotion of arts and culture.
(5) Large scale production of several kinds of goods has brought many articles of comfort and luxury within the easy reach of even common man who would otherwise not even dream of them.
Harmful Effects of the Industrial Revolution:
(1) The industrial Revolution sheltered the rural life by turning the farmers into landless labourers.
(2) Rural unemployment forced the unemployed farmers to migrate to cities in search of jobs. Thus, cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing errore.
(3) The industrial Revolution made the workers life Quite miserable. They had to line in slums around the factories where they bell a prey to different diseases and epidemics due to the lack of sanitations and other health facilities.
(4) The industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism or conquest of other countries by force.
Q. 5. How did the British manufactures attempt to take over the Indian market with the help of advertisements?
Ans. The British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market by adopting different ways and the most important among then was with the help of advertisement. The Manchester Industrialist began selling their cloth in India by putting labels on the cloth bundles. When buyers saw such labels on the cloth like ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ in bold letters, they felt confident about buying the cloth. They also very cleverly put on the images of Indian gods and goddesses and their cloth bundles which greatly affected the Indian buyers. They felt as if gods and goddesses gave divine approval to the goods they were going to buy. In the late nineteenth century, the British manufactures used calenders to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calenders were being used even by those people who could not read or write.
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VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Who were the gomasthas?
Ans. Gomasthas were agents of the East India company who helped the company in possible ways establish its control over the Indian trade.
Q. 2. What is the Proto-industrilisation?
Ans. Proto-industrialisation means the existence of industries before the factory system. These was a large scale industries production for the international market before factories in England and Europe.
Q. 3. What is the Spinning Jenny?
Ans. The Spinning Jenny is a machine devised by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the Spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a workers could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.
Q. 4. What is a fly shuttle?
Ans. It is a mechanical device used for weaving moved by means of ropes and it places the horizontal threads (called the weft) into the vertical threads (called the warp). The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.
Q. 5. What is meant by the Age of industries?
Ans. The Age of industries has meant major technological changes, growth of factories and the making of new industrial labour force.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following was the first industrial nation of the world ?
(a) Britain (b) Germany
(c) France (d) Japan.
Ans. (a) Britain.
2. For whom did poor peasants and artisans in the countryside begin working ?
(a) For Britishers (b) For Merchants
(c) For Indians (d) For Foreigners.
Ans. (b) Fore Merchants.
3. How many workers employed by each merchant at each stage of cloth production before the Industrial Revolution ?
(a) 30-35 (b) 50-100
(c) 20-25 (d) 70-80.
Ans. (c) 20-25.
4. What was the first symbol of the new era in Britain ?
(a) Wind energy (b) Diesel
(c) Petroleum (d) Cotton.
Ans. (d) Cotton.
5. How much raw cotton was Britain importing in 1760 to feed its cotton industry ?
(a) 2.5 million pounds (b) 3 million pounds
(c) 250 million pounds (d) 4 million pounds.
Ans. (a) 2.5 million pounds.
6. Which of these were the most dynamic industries in Britain ?
(a) Petrol and Diesel (b) Cotton and Metals
(c) Iron industry (d) Railway industry.
Ans. (b) Cotton and Metals.
7. Which industry led the way in Britain after 1840s ?
(a) Transport industry (b) Railway industry
(c) Iron and Steel industry (d) Cottage industry.
Ans. (c) Iron and Steel industry.
8. Because of the expansion of ………………., the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly.
(a) Cottage industry (b) Transport industry
(c) Diesel industry (d) Railways.
Ans. (d) Railways.
9. Who among the following manufactured the new model of the steam engine ?
(a) Mathew Boulton (b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Watt (d) Paul Wilson.
Ans. (a) Mathew Boulton.
10. From where did Armenian and Persian merchants take goods ?
(a) Punjab (b) Eastern Persia
(c) Central Asia (d) All of these.
Ans. (d) All of these.
11. Who linked the port towns to the inland regions ?
(a) Supply merchants (b) Britishers
(c) Indian traders (d) None of these.
Ans. (a) Supply merchants.
12. By whom did trade through the new ports come to be controlled ?
(a) Governments (b) European companies
(c) State Governments (d) All of these.
Ans. (b) European companies.
13. Where was the Elgin Mill started in India ?
(a) Bombay (b) Surat
(c) Kanpur (d) Calcutta.
Ans. (c) Kanpur.
14. When did the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras begin production ?
(a) By 1874 (b) By 1878
(c) By 1859 (d) By 1882.
Ans. (a) By 1874.
15. How many workers were there in Indian factories in 1901 ?
(a) 6,30,200 (b) 5,84,000
(c) 7,20,000 (d) 8,90,000.
Ans. (b) 5,84,000.
16. Where were most of the large scale industries located in 1911 ?
(a) Bengal and Bombay (b) Madras and Bombay
(c) Madras and Bengal (d) Punjab and United Province.
Ans. (a) Bengal and Bombay.
17. During the ……………….. movement, nationalists asked people to boycott foreign cloth.
(a) Non-Cooperation (b) Civil Disobedience
(c) Swadeshi (d) Quite India.
Ans. (c) Swadeshi.
18. Spinning Jenny was invented by ………………… .
(a) James Hargreaves (b) Richard Arkwright
(c) James Anderson (d) James Watt.
Ans. (a) James Hargreaves.
19. James Hargreaves invented spinning Jenny in ………………. .
(a) 1756 (b) 1764
(c) 1758 (d) 1760.
Ans. (b) 1764.
20. Seth Hukam Chand set up the first Indian Jute mill in ………… .
(a) Madras (b) Kanpur
(c) Kolkata (d) Surat.
Ans. (c) Kolkata.
21. The East India Company appointed ……………. to supervise weavers in India.
(a) Gomasthas (b) Merchants
(c) Supervisors (d) Guilds.
Ans. (a) Gomasthas.
22. When did the First World War break out ?
(a) 1914 (b) 1915
(c) 1913 (d) 1917
Ans. (a) 1914.
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